The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between competitive anxiety and EEG frontal asymmetry score (FAS), a psychophysiological index of emotion. Participants were thirty elite athletes whose mean age of 20.3 yrs and were invited to laboratory on one day, there was no game within a week to measure general trait anxiety, competitive trait anxiety and electrical activity during a resting period. Competitive state anxiety was conducted one hour prior to the real competition. As the result, general trait anxiety was significantly correlated with both competitive state and trait anxieties, correlated with each other. Conversely, significant correlations between frontal EEG asymmetry score (FAS) and all types of anxieties were not observed. However, powers in low alpha and alpha frequency bands at left and right frontal areas were negatively correlated with competitive trait anxiety. The result implies that athletes who could maintain low level of cortical activation during a resting period tend to have low level of competitive trait anxiety. Taken together, neurofeedback training program, which reduces cortical activation in frontal regions may be beneficial to control competitive trait and state anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in sensory-motor adaptation during the prism adaptation on aging. There were two visual environments (concurrent visual feedback and terminal visual feedback) which eliciting different mechanisms. Ten elderly and 15 young(control group) participants were divided into the two visual environment groups randomly. Five elderly and 8 young participants were assigned to the terminal visual feedback group, while Five elderly and 7 young participants were arranged the concurrent visual feedback group. The result showed that, in the concurrent visual feedback environment, there was no differences in the adaptation rate during the prism adaptation and after effect between the elderly group and young group. However, the adaptation rate and after effect of the young group were significantly higher than the elderly group in the terminal vision environment. Explicit trial to trial error correction strategy was suggested as a characteristic of the terminal visual feedback environment. On the other hand, the concurrent visual feedback environment elicited the characteristic of implicit learning during the adaptation. It was concluded that the elderly displayed adaptation deficiency when the cognitive intervention was required, while had no problem when the condition required an implicit adaptation. The importance of optimal environments for learning/adaptation among elderly were discussed.

The purpose of the experiment was twofold: a) to compare children`s body-scaled ratio of cube size and hand size with young adult and old adult`s body-scaled ratio; and b) to seek evidence that the body-scaled ratio of cube and hand size serves as a control parameter for the phase transition from one handed to two handed grasping by identifying the presence of sudden jump, enhanced variance, and hysteresis. Seventeen young adults aged 25.89(±3.63) and 78.39(±5.64) years old were required to grasp and lift 16 cardboard cubes of different sizes(3.2, 4.2, 5.2, etc. to 18.2 cm diameter). Three conditions were used: (a) an increasing condition with sizes ordered from the smallest size to the largest; and (b) a decreasing condition with sizes ordered from the largest to the smallest; and (c) twice in a different random order. Video recoding were analyzed and scored for percentage of one handed grasps. The results showed that the shift from one handed to two handed grasping occurred at the same body-scalded ratio between cube size and finger span for two age groups. But it is not same children`s body-scaled ratio. Evidence was found for the presence of a sudden jump, enhanced variance, and hysteresis, indicating that the body-scaled ratio of cube and hand size serves as a control parameter in two age groups.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the choice about the task difficulty through a self-control strategy in a motor skill learning. The specific goal was to probe the learning effects on the choice ranges in selecting the task difficulty. Participants (n=40) were college students, who had no experience about the golf putting. They were divided into 4 groups, which consisted of self-control group, yoke group, limited self-control group and limited yoke group. The experimental task was to putt the ball as accurate as possible. All participants performed pre-test which consisted of 9 trials. At the acquisition phase, 1 block consisted of 9 trials, participants performed total of 54 trials and after approximately 24 hours they went through transfer phase 1 and 2. For the dependent variable, RE (radial error) which represent performance of the absolut error and BVE (bivariate variable error) which represent consistency of performance were used. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results were as follows; First, RE and BVE were no significant difference among groups at the pre-test phase. These results show that all participant had a similar putting level before acquisition phase. Second, RE and BVE were significant difference according to the block, however there were no significant difference among groups and interaction effect between group and block at the acquisition phase. Third, RE and BVE in transfer 1 were no significant difference among groups, while RE and BVE in transfer 2 were significant difference among groups. In conclusion, this results indicate that learners selecting more task difficulty can increase the effect of precision learning compared to learners selecting limited task difficulty.

The purposes of this study were twofold: 1) to identify the structural relationship among expectancy-value, self-determination motivation, help-seeking, and self-handicapping in physical education class and 2) to test of the structural model invariance across the gender and grade. To obtain the purpose, 707 middle and high-school students from Gyeonggi-do area answered questionnaire using convenient sampling method. Data which is obtained through self-administration was analyzed using by the frequency analysis, CFA and SEM with SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18. Results were as followed. First, non-motivation, external regulation, and identified regulation of the self-determination have direct and in-direct mediation effect for relationship between task-value and help-seeking. There is no indirect mediation effect of introjected regulation while internal regulation has an indirect mediation effect. Second, non-motivation, external regulation, and identified regulation has a partial mediation effect for success expectancy and help-seeking. Introjected regulation has no in-directed mediation effect while internal regulation has a complete mediation effect. Third, all regulations except introjected regulation have direct and in-directed mediation effect for task-value and self-handicapping. Fourth, non-motivation, external regulation, and identified regulation have direct and in-direct mediation effect for success expectancy and self-handicapping. However, internal regulation has a complete mediation effect. Fifth, there is no gender difference in test of the structural model invariance. Sixth, there are significant differences of 5 direct path in test of the structural model invariance across grade(task value→internal regulation, external regulation→help-seeking, introjected regulation→help-seeking, internal-regulation→help-seeking, and introjected regulation→self-handicapping).

The purpose of this study was to examine mediational role of intrinsic motivation between perceived caring climate and satisfaction, attitudes, and enjoyment. For this study, a total 580 students were recruited(middle school students: 248, high school students: 332). To answer for the proposed research question, structural equation modeling was utilized. Partial mediational model was adopted to test proposed model. There were statistically significant direct influence of perceived caring climate on satisfaction and enjoyment. For indirect effects, the results of structural equation modeling showed that perceived caring climate predicted intrinsic motivation which, in turn influences students` satisfaction, attitudes, and enjoyment. Findings of the study suggested that further research need to pay attention on social environmental variable which is expected positive psychological and behavior consequences in motivational process.

The purpose of the current study was to identify differences in exercise self-schemata, exercise adherence intention and weekly exercise time by exercise stage of change, grade and sex, and to explore influence exercise stage of change, exercise self-schemata and exercise adherence intention on weekly exercise time. For this research, it was accomplished 404 questionnaires (male 197, female 207) and ANOVA, correlation analysis and regression analysis were carried out by using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. The results indicated that it was significant differences in exercise self-schemata, exercise adherence intention and weekly exercise time on exercise stage of change(p<.05). In addition, result of stepwise regression analysis revealed that significant influence factors on weekly exercise time for male(R2 = .436) and female((R2 = .378). The current study identified the importance of exercise self-schemata for increasing physical activity and suggests that future study should be focused on intervention strategies considering gender difference or programs.

The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationship between self-regulation ability, physical self-concept, emotion and school life satisfaction according to the sport participation of adolescents. This study selected 605 high school students(male:274, female:331) living in the metropolitan city by convenience sampling, and used self-administration method. This study analyzed descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model by using SPSS 12.0K and AMOS 5.0. Also, all these statistic values were tested in the significant level of p<.05. This study had the following results. First, as a result of analyzing SEM to examine the causal relationship of each variable, sport participation level had a positive effect on only physical self-concept directly. Physical self-concept had a positive effect on self-regulation and emotion directly. Emotion had a positive effect on self-regulation directly, and indirectly had a positive effect on school life satisfaction through self-regulation. Self-regulation had a positive effect on school life satisfaction directly. Sport participation level didn`t have a direct effect on school life satisfaction but, through physical self-concept and self-regulation ability, had a positive effect on it indirectly. Second, as a result of verifying fitness of research model based on path coefficient between each variable, modified model turned out to be an appropriate model in this study.

This study was carried to explain the relationship between failure tolerance and mental toughness using latent growth model and objective indicators of success and failure in situation of sport performance. For this purpose, 243 SsiReum players were collected and divided groups following the performance level(excellent-nonexcellent), expected goals results(achievement-fail) and competition result(good-bad) after then, statistical analysis was performed based on research process and data analysis. As the result of analysis, achievement group was shown preference of task level→competitive→performance after fail and, getting good result group was explained the process which is behavior→effort patience→performance after failure. Finally, the result of growth in sport failure tolerance and mental toughness during the season was that sport failure tolerance had influence on athletic performance level and development of competition result. Based on these results, this study was discussed from the perspective of preceding research and filed application.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesized causal relationships between cognitive appraisals, emotion regulation strategies, emotion, and performance satisfaction in competitive sports among high school athletes. A further aim was to test the cross-validity of the proposed model. In Study 1 (N=169, 120 male and 49 female), the validity and reliability of the Korean versions of cognitive appraisal and emotion regulation questionnaire were examined. In Study 2 (N=473, 318 male and 155 female), researchers investigated the degree to which the emotion regulation and emotion mediated the relationships between the competition-related cognitive appraisals and performance satisfaction. The results of CFA in Study 1 indicated that the factorial structure and reliability for both questionnaires were comparatively fit to the data. Structural equation modeling analyses supported for three hypothesized mediation models only. Emotion regulations (reappraisal and suppression) and pleasant emotion partially mediated the relationships between challenge state and performance satisfaction. Suppression and pleasant emotion fully mediated the relationships between threat state and performance satisfaction. Lastly, the structural weights model was found to be invariant across two samples. The study results were discussed with the use of efficient emotion regulation in competitive sports.

The goal of this study is observing how youth soccer team players recognize task interdependence and how the team climate following the team belonging period affects personal satisfaction. Concerning research subjects, a total of 430 students from 6 middle schools, and 11 high schools, located in Seoul, Kyungkido and Incheon were selected and among them, the data of 422 students, excluding 8 students who answered insincerely, were finally used. The analysis of collected data was conducted by an exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis for verifying construct validity of measurement tool and verified three-way interaction effect through hierarchial regression analysis. According to the research result, the positive effect to personal satisfaction is strengthened following high faith of team victory and long period of team belonging among task interdependence. Especially, it is considered that the behavior style of leader is decisive variable for enhancing personal satisfaction of player since the characteristic of leader among structuring factor of team climate had an positive effect on personal satisfaction following the level of team interdependence and team belong period. Put above results together, for enhancing personal satisfaction of player, not only the underlying psychological factor like task interdependence, team climate, but also the environmental factor like team belonging period should be considered.

This study examined the cross-validity of Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ; Jones, Lane, Bray, Uphill, & Catlin, 2005). Participants were 828 physical education middle and high school athletes (552 males, 226 females). For data descriptive statistics, reliability, correlation, confirmatory factor analysis, and multi-group analysis were conducted. Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated that five-factor model was the most adequate fit for the data (x2=1955.114, df=199, p<.001, TLI=.904, CFI=.927, RMSEA=.073). The internal consistency value for all sub-scales was comparatively acceptable ranging from 0.66 to 0.83. Multi-group factor analysis indicated that the measurement models were invariant in measurement weights, structural covariance, and measurement residuals across gender and grade. In conclusion, results from the present study imply that the Sport Emotion Questionnaire contains a factorial structure capable of measuring the pre-competition emotional state and is a valid measure applicable to male and female adolescent athletes.